Ethical Issues in the Victorian Desalination Plant

When advancing businesses or projects, it is important not to forget the consequences of the proposed project. This is because there are impacts, either on the environment or on individual lives or a community, that are caused by every endeavour. Construction of the Wonthaggi Desalination Plant (WDP) is an issue that raises various ethical issues as regards its sustainability, its effects on the nearby environment and its cost benefits. This paper addresses the moral issues and stance regarding the construction of the WDP.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Ethical Issues in the Victorian Desalination Plant specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More By employing the utilitarian and Kantian reasoning, it is concluded that the WDP is not a right action as it does not enhance greater good for the majority; the construction of the plant ignores the possible negative effects on the surrounding environment, not to mention that it is not a sustainable approach to water supply. The Wonthaggi Desalination Plant has been questioned as a project that leads to considerable climate change in addition to its potential negative effects on marine environment. Given that the plant is very close to the coastline, it has been suggested that the plant could lead to a surge in storms making the area susceptible to effects of rise in sea level (Fisher, 2010). In such a case, the huge annual pay amounting to about $570 million is blinding everyone, thus neglecting the likely consequence of flooding that would come if the project is advanced (Fisher, 2010). This is an advancement of Kant’s reasoning in that the construction of the desalination plant does not give consideration to the consequences of the action. However, it is imperative that maximum good to a majority, as enhanced by utilitarianism, be achieved by setting up this project (Audi, 2011). By constructing the WDP, it is expected that while there will be an increase in water supply to Melbourne’s residents, the marine ecosystem will be affected adversely. Since the location of the plant is very close to the coastline, it is expected that ecotoxic effluents will be discharged into the ocean thus threatening the existence of marine life (Watershed Victoria, 2009). The project has also been foreseen as unsustainable, more so with a rising population. It is therefore argued that more sustainable as well as affordable options should have been considered. Such options would include capturing rain water or water from storms or managing waste water effectively. In fact storm water, if well managed, could result into better water security since the water would be channelled to Melbourne’s storages as well as give room for restoration of damaged ecosystems since urban waterways would be guarded from a lot of damage (Watershed Victoria, 2009).Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can hel p you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From the above discussion on possible negative consequences of advancing the WDP, it is arguable that this project is not morally right as it does not enhance maximum good to a majority the long run. The creation of jobs by the project blinds the fact that serious environmental effects would result, given the proximity of the WDP to the coastline. Kant’s reasoning thus seems to be enhanced since the consequences are not greatly considered in this case. Alternative water sources such as managing storm and rain water effectively is a more sustainable and cost effective approach that has been suggested. The argument is that the WDP has less financial benefits since it is a remote and centralised water supply that is not environmentally sustainable. However, the alternative water supplies are a form of â€Å"integrated water cycle management† (Watershed Victoria 2009, para 7) that would promote financial benefits and environmental sustainability. These alternatives would promote utilitarianism. Reference List Audi, R. 2011, Epistemology: A contemporary introduction to the theory of knowledge, 3rd edition. New York, NY: Routledge. Fisher, P. 2010, October 8, Building for a cantankerous planet. The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved from https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/building-for-a-cantankerous-planet-20101008-16bc2.html Watershed Victoria. 2009, Why would you build a huge industrial plant here? Expert opinion. Web. This assessment on Ethical Issues in the Victorian Desalination Plant was written and submitted by user Abigail Dixon to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Role of the United States Constitution in Business

The Role of the United States Constitution in Business Free Online Research Papers Since the creation of the United States Constitution in 1787, the system we call, our United States Government has existed. Created to balance a centralized and strong government, the U. S. Constitution has protected every American’s individual human right in possibly every facet of life. With this in mind, what about the rights of American businesses? Individual human rights versus the businesses rights? Alternatively, how the constitutional right affects a business? In today’s workplaces, businesses have to not only deal with protecting employees from harassment from other employees but also protect themselves from civil lawsuits that may arise because of harassment issues. Does the first amendment to the United States Constitution truly give people the right of free speech? The first amendment to the United States Constitution states that â€Å"Congress shall make no law†¦abridging the freedom of speech† (Mount, p. 11, 2007). Rarely have courts infringed on this clear-cut constitutional right but does this clear-cut constitutional right give one person the authority to harass another? Freedom of speech is exactly that freedom to say whatever a person wants, whenever a person wants and to whomever a person wants, right? Living in such a free democratic society enables every American freedom to do many things but there must be some boundaries a person cannot crossover. Workplace conflict and harassment issues happen when boundaries are not enough. In the workplace, a person should be able to work in an environment free from harassment and unsolicited remarks and because companies share a responsibility to assure employees work in a harassment free setting, companies become liable when such events happen. â€Å"In 2003 a California appeals court held an employer liable for failing to control the abusive speech of one of its employees† but doesn’t the first Amendment give us the right to free speech (Hammond, Kleiner, p. 6, 2003)? In an effort to answer this question a person may also wonder just how free speech crosses the line to harassment. Attempting to answer this question, the Ninth Circuit court of appeals in San Francisco ruled that â€Å"if the speech was intended to cause offense, it was harassment and therefore not protected under the first amendment† (Hammond, Kleiner, p. 4). In Near v. Minnesota (1931) 283 U. S. 697, 713. freedom of speech restraints became relevant and important. Saying whatever you want to say is one thing but saying it directly to another person with intent to cause harassment is another. Businesses must secure a harassment free environment for all employees and when freedom of speech restraints are relaxed a little too much that b usiness can be held liable when an employee develops a problem working in that kind of environment. In today’s workplace, harassment laws are just as relevant as the free speech amendment. Employers have an obligation to prevent harassment in the workplace while creating equality and security. â€Å"The Fair Employment and Housing Act (FEHA) and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII’)† clearly provides that the â€Å"public policy of this state that it is necessary to protect and safeguard the right and opportunity of all persons to seek, obtain, and hold employment without discrimination or abridgment on account of race, religious creed, color, national origin, ancestry, physical disability, mental disability, medical condition, marital status, sex, age, or sexual orientation† (Workplace Conflict, (2005). In the 1993 case between Harris v. Forklift Systems, Inc., the United States Supreme Court declared that working in a environment of hostility and harassment is a clear violation of the FEHA and Title VII’ Acts. Because our lega l system maintains a ‘no tolerance level’ for businesses found liable for violating these important acts penalties can be huge (Workplace Conflict). According to the book The Legal Environment, â€Å"the American legal system is one of the most comprehensive, fair and democratic systems of law ever developed and enforced† (Cheeseman,  ¶ 1, p. 4, 2007). With respect in recognizing harassment issues, the legal system protects that right by penalizing business with monetary fines. Damages to plaintiffs can differ from case to case. Depending on the nature of the harassment and level of the acts, monetary damages could result in millions of dollars. Along with the businesses, having to payout money there may also be strict stipulations that the business must abide by. Imposing injunctions or forbidding contact between plaintiff and the accused is also often the case and if the company doesn’t abide by the stipulations set forth by the court, the business could be found to be in contempt of court, which would require heavier penalties. While the first amendment to the United States Constitution was written with intentions to protect everyone’s constitutional right to freedom of speech it must be recognized that since its creation many things have changed. Along with change, have come new variations of what free speech is or more importantly how people exercise that right. References Cheeseman, H. R., (2007). The Legal Environment of Business and Online Commerce (5th ed.). Prentice Hall, 2007. Upper Saddle River, NJ. Retrieved on June 17, 2008 from https://ecampus.phoenix.edu/secure/aapd//UBAM/citation.htm#BUS/415. Hammond, G., Kleiner, K., (2003). New Developments Concerning Employment Discrinimation and Harassment. Retrieved on June 23, 2008 from loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Constitution.html. Hobbs, H., (1999). California Court Gags Future Speech. Retrieved on June 23, 2008 from americanlawreview.com/first_amend_under_fire.html. Mount, S., (2007). The United States Constitution. Retrieved June 23, 2008 from www.usconstitution.net. Workplace Conflict: Harassment Laws and Free Speech Rights. August 2005. Retrieved June 23, 2008 from www.mofo.com. Research Papers on The Role of the United States Constitution in BusinessMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresPETSTEL analysis of IndiaTrailblazing by Eric Anderson19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraTwilight of the UAWThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XCapital Punishment

Historical development of nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Historical development of nursing - Essay Example Before the birth of Christ, nursing did not exist as a distinct profession. It started out as caring for sick members of one’s family. At this time, it was viewed as a way of expressing love and showing compassion one’s family member. It was mainly a woman’s work and no education or training was required. Between and 100 and 500 AD, nursing was mainly done by religious groups mainly churches. The establishment of the first general hospital by Fabiola in Rome was a landmark event in the history of nursing. In the 16th century, women were required to stay at home and look after their families (Nicola & Frances, 2012). This resulted in the deterioration of nursing care since at the time, it was still a profession for women only. Between 1654 and 1656 nursing was realized as sisters of charity took good care of soldiers who were wounded in the battlefields of Arras and Sedan in France. By 1960, the sister of charity was operating in 40 other countries besides France. However, according to Elizabeth and Jerome (2011), it was not until after Florence Nightingale that nursing started to become a reality in the world. After realizing that very few opportunities were given to women, Florence Nightingale started taking care of the ill while visiting the poor. This is where she developed an interest in a career in nursing. Her most notable contributions happened during the Crimean war. This is after she received reports wounded soldiers were in horrible conditions. In October 1854 together with 38 women that she had trained as nurses, she volunteered to take care of wounded soldiers in the battle field. After noting that there was limited supply for medicine, overworked medical staff and poor hygiene which resulted in fatalities among the soldiers, Nightingale appealed to the British government to find a solution to this problem. The British government commissioned the designing of a

Dangerous Properties of Materials Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Dangerous Properties of Materials - Coursework Example Though all forms of mercury can cause effects in the central and peripheral nervous system, methyl mercury and metallic mercury are more harmful. Acute inhalation of metallic mercury vapours may cause damage to the lungs, nausea, diarrhea, increased blood pressure, skin rashes, eye irritation, chest pains, stomatitis, gingivitis, cough, dyspnea and salivation. Chronic exposure to high levels of metallic, inorganic, or organic mercury may cause permanent damage to brain, kidneys and developing fetus. Effects of chronic exposure on brain functioning may cause weakness, fatigue, weight loss, vision or hearing disorders, tremors development, behavioral changes, aneuploidy in lymphocytes of the exposed, dremographia and memory loss. Chronic exposure to mercuric compounds is sometimes also characterized by anorexia, apathy, fever, diaphoresis, photophobia, insomnia and scaling or peeling of the skin of the hands and feet with bullous lesions. Toxicity Metabolites and Biomarkers Exposure to organo-mercury compounds is indicated by chemical analysis of blood mercury. Inorganic mercury concentrations in blood can be used to determine acute exposure to high dose of mercury. Absorption of phenyl mercury through gastrointestinal tract with even acute exposure resulted in a marked increase in blood concentrations as well as urinary excretion of mercury. Chemical analysis of urinary mercury can alternatively be used to determine exposure to chronic, low and moderate inorganic mercury forms. As mercury can deposit on hair from surface contamination, hair mercury is a good indicator of exposure to methyl mercury. Dose The acute lethal dose for inorganic mercury compounds is 1 to 4 grams or 14 to 57 milligrams per kilogram body weight for a 70 kg adult person. The acute lethal dose ranges from 20 to 60 milligrams per kilogram body weight of methyl mercury for a 70 kg adult person. According to EPA, a limit of 2 parts of mercury per billion parts of drinking water (2 ppb) is saf e for human health. A limit of 1 part of methyl mercury in a million parts of seafood (1 ppm) has been set by the Food and Drug Administration. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has suggested a maximum permissible limit of 0.1 milligram of organic mercury per cubic meter of workplace air (0.1 mg/m3) and 0.05 mg/m3 of metallic mercury vapor for 8-hour shifts and 40-hour work. Effects on the environment, cases and their treatment Mercury (Hg) is a naturally occurring odorless liquid metal with shiny, silver-white appearance. Mercury also combines with other elements to form several inorganic salts and organo-mercury compounds. It enters the environment naturally from rocks, soil, volcanic activity, and by vaporization from the oceans. However, two-third of the Mercury entering the atmosphere every year is released from human sources. These sources include coal-burning power plants, chemical manufacturing plants, waste incinerators and mining of ore deposits. The disease caused by exposure to mercury compounds is called Mercury poisoning, Hydrargyria or Mercurialism. The first case of mercury poisoning was witnessed among researchers at St Bartholomew’s Hospital in 1865. Two of the three technicians died because of excessive exposure to methyl mercury while manufacturing organic mercurial compounds. Human exposure to high levels of

National Patient Safety Goals and Leadership Coursework - 1

National Patient Safety Goals and Leadership - Coursework Example As such, there is advancement in the level of leadership capacity as leadership development is incorporated at all levels of nursing education and actual practice both in the clinical and academic environments. With these qualities, individual nurses are able to make logical decisions in regards to the treatments given to patients while at the health facilities. The major issues related to the National Patient Safety Goals are ambulatory health care, behavioral healthcare, critical access hospital and home care. Ambulatory health care plays a vital role in managing emergency situations. Through evidence based practice it is clear that the role of health care given in case of emergency evacuation in the back of an ambulance plays a critical role in determining whether there is an improvement or deterioration in the condition of the patient. From past experiences, we can prove that ambulatory healthcare has an important role to play and has a critical role in improving patient

Care in the Community

Care in the Community Care in the Community United Kingdom has many legislations in place, these legislations are in place to protect and give appropriate help to all residents of the country. Four of these legislations/acts will be discussed in this writing. The acts are, Mental Health Act 2007, Direct payments Act 2007, Mental Health Capacity Act 2007 and also Independence,Well being and choice green paper. In addition to this, it will also look at Community Care Act 1990. In each of these 4 main legislations , it will underline the advantages and disadvantages and then it will indentify the moral, financial, political and social policy,which will all be relevant to the legislations. Community Care Act 1990 will indentify and explain why it has been put in to place and what is Community Care Act 1990 all about. Community Care Act is a piece of legislation which governs health and social care in the United Kingdom. It sets out how the National Health Service should assess and provide for patients based on their needs, requirements and circumstances. This legislation gives measures for Social Services Departments to provide care and support services in the community, rather than in institutions. Covers duties for each local authority to produce a community care plan and to carry out assessments of those who may be in need. According to many researches it has shown that the Community Care Act has been put into place as a cost cutting measure and the Conservatives have been accused of failing to adequately fund the NHS.( http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/442807.stm) Since the Mental Health Act 2007 has been amended from the 1983 Mental Health Act it has shown many positive factors such as the changes in professionals roles. The role of Approved Mental Health Professional was introduced as a result of the Mental Health Act 2007 which amended the Mental Health Act 1983. This type of role is opened to anyone with a nursing background such as: registered social workers ,first level nurses whose field of practice is mental health or learning disabilities, registered occupational therapists; and Chartered psychologist (http://209.85.229.132/search?q=cache:ko7D0JWfI30J:www.basw.co.uk/Portals/0/Chris%2520Southworth.ppt+amhp+rolecd=3hl=enct=clnkgl=uk). With relevant and sufficient training all these professionals listed above could become an Approved Mental Health Professional, and will be approved for the next 5 years and if they wish to continue in this role they will have additional training to atend. These professional bodies have to be approved by their local authority. Once the professional worker becomes an Approved Mental Health Professional they have the right to make decisions about people well being and give people with any health or social needs appropriate help. It would be also good to point out that the Approved Mental Health Professional has a lot of power in their role and will have to give correct and proffesional treatment and help t those who need certain care. This may be a very positive factor however what we have to look at and examine is this, ‘is it morally right to become AMPH from being an ASW. Into some extend we can say that this is not morally correct as this does not have enough training. And al so in many situations we could say that this is a cost cutting measure, as the NHS is in need of Approved Mental Health Professionals. Another advantages and disadvantages were brought in by the Direct Payments Act 1996, this brought in a lot of positives factors to many people lives. The Direct Payments Act 1996 advantages concentrates on giving people mainly back their social life, it gives them more control of their life which is very important to everyone. Direct Payments gives patients more independent and more control of their lives , therefore they will feel more relaxed and happier and mainly be less overwhelmed by financial demands. They will have the freedom to pick their own care staff and be in control. This will give them moral empowerment. However Direct Payments Act 1996 has brought in lot of disadvantages such the care managers are reluctant to use direct payments and do not have enough knowledge about this. And also it brings in a lot of responsibilities such as paperwork and hiring new staff. Which then opens a whole new responsibility and lot of people dont want to get involved in that as this mea ns more work for a lot of people. However this is not the correct way to be responding as a proffesional person and all care managers and care staff should be fully knowledgeable about this legislations, as this means that many service users will be missing out on something that could make a large positive impact on their lives. Direct Payments Act 1996 has brought in positives and negatives. But does this suit everyone. After researching the Direct Payments Act and what do direct payments users think we can say that this suit the majority of its users. Next legislation that this piece of writing will concentrate on is Mental Health Capacity Act 2007 this act states that everyone should be treated as able to make their own decisions until it is shown that they are not. It also aims to enable people to make their own decisions for as long as they are capableof doing so. A persons capacity to make a decision will be established at the time that a decision needs to be made. A lack of capacity could be because of a severe learning disability, dementia, mental health problems, a brain injury, a stroke or unconsciousness due to an anesthetic or a sudden accident. (http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/DisabledPeople/HealthAndSupport/YourRightsInHealth/DG_10016888) The positives of this act are that a person will be able to make their own decisions unless it is proven that they no longer can, once the cant make their own decisions, the decisions will be made for them. This is very positive as mainly this will protect vulnerable adults who cant no longer make decisions for them selfs. This act will give them power and freedom unless proven that the person is no longer able to make decisions. The negative outcome of this act would be that people will not feel free and for some it wont be morally right for someone to make decisions on their behalf. Into some cases some people may feel as if their dignity has gone due to the lack of power, once they cant make decisions.( http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/SocialCare/Deliveringadultsocialcare/MentalCapacity/MentalCapacityAct2005/index.htm) This Act will also help people make financial decisions once they cant make that decisions themselves. From November 9 2009 direct payments will be available to people who l ack capacity who meet the criteria laid out in regulations and guidance issued earlier this month. (http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/SocialCare/Deliveringadultsocialcare/MentalCapacity/MentalCapacityAct2005/index.htm) Once Direct Payments are available to people who lack capacity this will make things more smoother for people and will give them more freedom and more control of their lives. Last legislation in this writing will talk about is the Independence, Weill being and Choice Green Paper. This Green Paper gives a clear picture for adult social care for the next 10 to 15 years and how this may work. It gives all people the chance to everyone to give their ideas,views and opinion and lets them have their own sa on the matter and then it will be considered. They way that this should work is that if people give their opinions and views this should make smoother and easier legislations for the future. However this is a very long process as this is first open to the public that is what is called the green paper, once the government has decided it wants to go ahead with a specific area it then becomes a white paper. The white paper then, is presented to the parliament to be voted on, once it has the majority of votes it then becomes an Act. So this will be a very long process. However if this will be done it will give people more control of their finances and their moral s. The last part of this writing will evaluate the main provisions of community legislation and their implications. As writen about in the previous paragraphs, four legislation were discussed along with positives and negatives of each one. It can be said that all four legislations ome with advantages and disadvantages. Positive factors are the ones that mainly all service users are interested in. However the negatives are something that needs more interest put to it. For example the Direct Payments Act, and the fact that Care managers do not want to get involved with because their arent so knowledgeable about it. In the research that have been carried out during this writing, it can be acknowledged that mainly all legislations do concentrate on changing service users lifes for a better future. It also highlights that the legislations are in place so that service users get control of their lives back and making sure that service users have the freedom and do not loose ther dignity and morals. References: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/442807.stm [Assessed 9th November 2009] http://209.85.229.132/search?q=cache:ko7D0JWfI30J:www.basw.co.uk/Portals/0/Chris%2520Southworth.ppt+amhp+rolecd=3hl=enct=clnkgl=uk [Assesed 11th November 2009] http://www.direct.gov.uk/en/DisabledPeople/HealthAndSupport/YourRightsInHealth/DG_10016888 [Assessed 12th November 2009] http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/SocialCare/Deliveringadultsocialcare/MentalCapacity/MentalCapacityAct2005/index.htm [Assessed 14th November 2009] http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/publicationsandstatistics/publications/publicationspolicyandguidance/dh_4106477 [Assessed 15th November 2009] http://www.dh.gov.uk/en/SocialCare/Deliveringadultsocialcare/MentalCapacity/MentalCapacityAct2005/index.htm [Assessed 17th November 2009]

Slain :: English Literature Essays

Slain The monster roared, its fury sparked a thousand tongues of fire from its hide. With one almighty sweep it sent Ryanna’s father flying over the top of the volcano, the wind ceased, the spell failed, and the monster drew itself to its full one hundred feet once again. â€Å"NOOOOOOOO!† Ryanna’s mother screamed in agony and despair, and with a snarl that sounded more like a wolf than a woman, she dashed forwards, a shower of electricity falling around her. With a thrust of her arm and a word, she hurled a massive bolt of thunder at the monster. It was knocked off its feet and landed with an earth shattering crash. Ryanna’s mother, however, had performed a spell that was beyond her power and endurance. She fell and landed on her back, blood flowing from her nose, ears, eyes and mouth at the same time. She remained there motionlessly until little six–year–old Ryanna toddled over. To her, it was just all a magic show that her parents put on for her, as they always did. Her mother looked at her through her bloody eyes while she smiled delightedly and clapped the tiny little hands. Her mother smiled back weakly, and with tremendous effort, she pulled out a small, silver, beautifully decorated pendant. Ryanna’s big, emerald, green eyes opened wide as she slipped it around her neck. â€Å"Guard this well, my child,† she said, and they were the last words she ever spoke. Ryanna waited patiently for her mother to speak again. When she didn’t, Ryanna bent over and gently stroke her stone cold, once beautiful face. Still there was no response, and Ryanna began to panic. She squeezed her mother’s arm as hard as her small hands could, and pulled on her hair. Ryanna began to scream. â€Å"MOTHER!† she cried in between sobs. The dead woman did not answer, but there was a loud, deep grunt. Ryanna turned to see the monster rise, now so angry that its eyes turned livid red. With a stamp of its feet, the monster split the mountainside and Ryanna had just enough time to dodge as her mother’s lifeless body disappeared into a bubbling lake of lava. The monster turned on her, red eyes flashing, and with an ear–splitting roar, it shot a huge jet of flames at the child. As the hot, burning mass came at her, something clicked inside Ryanna, it was a terrible rage, and a thirst for vengeance.

Deceptive Advertisement in Tobacco Industry Essay

Deceptive Advertisement in Tobacco Industry Introduction            Managerial decisions form an important element in business success. Griseri & Seppala, (2010,p.45) note that the primary function of a business should not only be geared towards profit making but also strive to check the social implication of the business activities The process of decision making is thus governed by the business ethics, moral frameworks and the Social responsibility. This paper will examine decisions made in a tobacco industry, effect on the living and environmental conditions and evaluate if they conform to the moral frameworks of decision making.            Tobacco companies have constantly employed deceptive advertising strategies. One of them is the use of celebrities from various fields such as sports and media to market their brand. This choice paints a picture of success and pride in using tobacco products and smoking. Moreover, these companies fail to give more details of the tobacco product use and effects. This is in violation of the ‘rights approach’ moral framework in dealing with ethical issues. The rights approach is a traditional moral approach which demands that the rights of individuals (consumers) must be upheld in decision making (Brooks et al 2010, p.197).            Consumers have fundamental rights as highlighted in John F Kennedy (1962) Consumer bill of rights. One right found in the bill is the Consumers right to safety. Businesses should not knowingly sell to customers products that might harm the customer. Secondly, consumers have a right to be informed. Devenney & Kenny (2011, p.10) say that products information should provide detailed facts on the product ingredients, the risks involved and instructions for usage. By failing to inform consumers of the health risks associated with tobacco consumption, the companies are infringing on this rights to life which are at stake.            The companies seem to embrace preference utilitarianism. This is a type of Utilitarianism that states that the right action is that which will produce the best results but the best results are those that will satisfy personal preferences (Krantz 2002, p.28.). By not labeling their products and use of celebrities, the company is able to prey on consumers who lack knowledge on tobacco. Tobacco injects money worth millions into the economy, a fact that cannot be disputed. The companies’ duties to ethical practices are overshadowed by the desire to accumulate more wealth at the expense of health concerns of consumers.            These deceptive strategies have masked the adverse effects of tobacco consumption to health, living and environmental conditions of the users. Tobacco use increases the risk of cancer contraction for vascular diseases and other illness. This results into higher expenditures on medical, lowers productivity and increases premature deaths. The short term effects on living standards include diversion of family income. A research conducted in shanghai china (1995) among 2716 households revealed that 17% of family incomes were spent on cigarettes            Social responsibility is a major function of any business. Tobacco industries in use of deceptive advertisement have demonstrated unethical practices that raise questions on the commitment of these industries in maintaining a striking partnership of its business core functions and the social responsibility. Governments, human rights activists and stakeholders need to put up laws to regulate the extent at which business may exploit consumers. Without laws, it will be difficult to tame tobacco industries as the moral frame work principles and social responsibility cannot guarantee complete ethical practices in this business environment. References DEVENNEY, J., & KENNY, M. (2011). European consumer protection: theory and practice in Europe. Cambridge, Cambridge Univ. Pr. GONG YL, KOPLAN JP, WEI FENG et al (1995) Cigartette smoking in China prevalence, characteristics adnd attitudes in Minghan District. JAMA GRISERI, P., & SEPPALA, N. (2010). Business ethics and corporate social responsibility. Australia, South-Western Cengage Learning. KRANTZ, S. F. (2002). Refuting Peter Singer’s ethical theory: the importance of human dignity. Westport, Conn, PraegerJohn F. Kennedy’s speech, Public papers of the United States, Public Messages, Speeches and Statements of the Presiident, 1 January to 31 December, 1962, pp, 235-43 Brooks, Leonard J., and Paul Dunn. 2010. Business & professional ethics for directors, executives, & accountants. Mason, OH: South Western Cengage Learning. Source document

Christmas Card Quotes

Christmas Card Quotes This Christmas, add a special touch to your Christmas cards with these wonderful Christmas card quotes. Write the most appropriate quote on it, and your greeting card will stand out in a pile of other Christmas cards. Secular Quotes for Christmas Cards Charles Schulz  Christmas is doing a little something extra for someone. Helen Steiner Rice Peace on earth will come to stay,When we live Christmas every day.Thomas TusserAt Christmas play and make good cheer, for Christmas comes but once a year.Winston ChurchillWe make a living by what we get but we make a life by what we give. Garrison KeillorA lovely thing about Christmas is that its compulsory, like a thunderstorm, and we all go through it together.Bess Streeter Aldrich Christmas Eve  was a night of song that wrapped itself about you like a shawl. But it warmed more than your body. It warmed your heart... filled it, too, with a melody that would last forever.John Greenleaf WhittierA little smile, a word of cheer, A bit of love from someone near, A little gift from one held dear, Best wishes for the coming year†¦ These make a  Merry Christmas! Charles DickensI will honor Christmas in my heart, and try to keep it all the year. John Greenleaf WhittierSomehow, not only for ChristmasBut all the long year through,The joy that you give to othersIs the joy that comes back to you. Bob HopeMy idea of Christmas, whether old-fashioned or modern, is very simple: loving others. Come to think of it, why do we have to wait for Christmas to do that? Norman Vincent PealeChristmas waves a magic wand over this world, and behold, everything is softer and more beautiful.Religious Quotes for Christmas Cards George Mathew AdamsLet us remember that the Christmas heart is a giving heart, a wide open heart that thinks of others first. The birth of the baby Jesus stands as the most significant event in all history because it has meant the pouring into a sick world of the healing medicine of love which has transformed all manner of hearts for almost two thousand years. Underneath all the bulging bundles is this beating Christmas heart.Grace Noll CrowellWhatever else be lost among the years, Let us keep Christmas still a shining thing: Whatever doubts assail us, or what fears, Let us hold close one day, remembering its poignant meaning for the hearts of men. Let us get back our childlike faith again.Helen Steiner RiceBless us Lord, this Christmas, with quietness of mind; Teach us to be patient and always to be kind. Eva K. LogueA Christmas candle is a lovely thing; It makes no noise at all, But softly gives itself away; While quite unselfish, it grows small. Charles DickensFor it is good to be children sometimes, and never better than at Christmas, when its mighty Founder was a child Himself. Luke, 2:14Glory to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good will toward men.

An Interpretation of the Money Tree Essays

An Interpretation of the Money Tree Essays An Interpretation of the Money Tree Paper An Interpretation of the Money Tree Paper Visually, the money tree was unique and distinct, compared to other Han Dynasty art pieces clay models of mythical and real animals, lead-glazed earthenware canteens, reamer vessels, tile and brick decorations found in tombs, and various models of houses, stoves, mills, and farmyards. Its elaborate detail and delicacy was unlike not only the Han pieces in Gallery 15, but any art I had seen in Chinese history. However, the money tree was not love at first sight. As I researched and learned more about the tree, I became increasingly drawn to the piece. The money tree represents the synergy of Taoism and Buddhism during the Eastern Han Dynasty- a guide to heaven, and the hope for good fortune In the afterlife. Money trees were placed In tombs found mostly In the Chuan province of China during the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220 AD). The money tree Is made of bronze and can be delved Into two sections: the base and the branches of the tree. The ceramic and bronze base is covered with an amber lead glaze and contains three levels, which portray lively scenes rarely found in Chinese art, such as hunting (Rigger 11 . 10. 05). Whole surviving money trees are rare, since the solid base of the tree endure longer than its delicate branches. The branches of the tree are thin, wintertime bronze pieces that are divided by six levels. Each level has four branches facing opposite directions that are divided by ninety degrees. The branches thrive with magical creatures (such as winged immortals called Asian), disk shapes, birds, and coins that literally hang from the bottom of the branches (museum description). Each coin Is similar to those used during the Han Dynasty (a square cut out off circle) and Is Interconnected, forming what looks Like a chain. At the top of the tree the Queen Mother of the West (Aqualung), an Important Taoist deity, Is dated on her throne supported by a dragon and tiger. Between the topmost branch and the Queen Mother of the West is a small figure of a seated Buddha surrounded by coins. The Han Dynasty lasted from 206 BCC to 220 AD and followed the short-lived Sin Dynasty from 221 to 206 BCC. China flourished domestically during the Han dynasty and expanded geographically, politically, and culturally to neighboring lands. Han art made frequent references to spirits, portents, myths, the strange and powerful, the death-defying and the dazzling (Byre 71). Art pieces like the money tree show the attempt of Han emperors to contact the Immortal world of gods and the Importance of the fate of the dead (Byre 71). This desire for life after death and Immortality during the Han Dynasty Is portrayed through the Taoist deity the Queen Mother of the West. Her paradise Is filled with deathless trees, lucky charms, and auspicious animals such as the dancing toad, the three-foot crow, the nine-tailed fox, the hare Tanat produces ten laxer AT Immortality, Ana magical Dallas, wanly are placate In ten upper edge of the branches (Byre 71, Bagley 54). People of all social classes reshipped her and believed in her power to provide immortality. The History of the Han from 3 BCC explains, People were running about in a state of alarm, holding stalks of hemp that they passed from one to another, saying they were delivering the wand the edict of the Queen Mother of the West They also passed around texts reading The Mother tells the people that those who wear this talisman will not die (Byre 73). Taoism emphasizes themes similar to those of the Queen Mother of the West, such as immortality, longevity, and wealth. Towards the end of the Han Dynasty, otherwise known as the Eastern Han, specialists of immorality, called famishing and their beneficiaries Asian (Rigger 11 . 7. 05). Other Taoist features are also apparent on the decorations on the base of the money tree, figures with elongated heads called the Taoist Immortals (Chipper 6). The Immortals refer to the cult of immortals or transcendent (in Chinese, Asian) in which believers practiced the arts of physical cultivation to make themselves into spiritual beings (Rigger 1 1 . 14. 05). Another important figure present in the money tree is a seated Buddha placed low the Queen Mother of the West. Mahayana Buddhism originated in India where Shamanic, the historical Buddha lived, and spread to China through the Silk Road (Byre 95). The hierarchical position of the Buddha on the money tree, below the Queen Mother of the West, but above the Queens attendants and earth, portrays the emergence of Buddhism, specifically Mahayana Buddhism, at a time when Taoism was considered the dominant religion. In fact, many Chinese first viewed Buddhism as a variation of Taoism, since early translators used Taoist terms to express Buddhist ideas. For example, the Mahayana concept of the fundamental emptiness of phenomena was identified with the Taoist notion of non-being (Byre 96). Therefore the synergy of Buddhism and Taoism is represented by important religious figures, the seated Buddha and Gaming. Not only does the money tree symbolize a religious orgy, but also a guide to heaven from earth for the dead. The base of the tree represents the divine mountainous realm of the Queen Mother of the West, called Mount Kuhn. Geographically, Mount Kuhn is associated with the West, specifically in Chuan Bagley 318). Meanwhile, the peak of the tree represents Coxswains paradise or heaven. Therefore the stem of the money tree represents a world-axis that links heaven and earth. The Buddha, positioned Just below the Queen Mother of the West, symbolizes a guide to the Queens paradise. Money trees were placed in tombs, so that the deceased within would enter the Queens paradise directly and easily in the afterlife. Once the deceased reaches the afterlife by following the path laid out through the money tree, the Chinese hoped that happiness and prosperity, attributes f the Queen Mother of the West, will continue in the afterlife. In addition to the money tree representing the union between earth and heaven, it also represents the hope for the entombed to have good fortune in the afterlife. During the Han Dynasty, the money tree was called a shush or coin pillar, hence the interlaced coins on the lower edge of the branches (Bagley 54). The thin plates of filigree openwork of the branches suggests that the coins on the money tree were cast in flat two-piece molds similar to the technique once used to cast Han coins. During ten Han Dynasty, cools were producer a cozen at a time In a moll winner each coin was Joined to each other by the pouring channels (Bagley 274). The interconnected chain of coins on the branches of the money tree symbolizes eternal and continuous wealth. Furthermore, as the entombed ascended from earth to heaven by following the path laid out on the money tree, the entombed would collect the coins on their way to heaven. Therefore, the path to the paradise of the Queen Mother of the West is filled with riches. Through the study of the money tree we can conclude that it symbolically presents a map that directs the entombed to heaven. The Buddha acts as a guide to lead the deceased to the Queen Mother of the West, while the abundance of coins shows that the path to her paradise is littered with wealth. Furthermore, the appearance of both the Queen Mother of the West and the seated Buddha shows the intermingling of Taoism and Buddhism. As these interpretations of the money tree unfolded in my mind, I became increasingly passionate about the money tree.

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